Integrated epidemiological study of Dengue virus transmission in Java, Indonesia

Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most important arbovirus infections which continues to be spread to many parts of the world. The widespread distribution of the vector Aedes sp, DENV genetic evolution, emergence of a new serotype, global warming, environmental changes, population growth and human mobility are some of the factors affecting DENV transmission. From the many studies conducted on DENV, there is still a lack of integrated research that includes several aspects that affect DENV transmission at a local scale. The aims for this study was to conduct an integrated study of DENV tranmission, covering entomology, DENV, and socio-economic and environmental factors using Banyumas Regency, Java Indonesia, as a model area. The uniqueness of demography, socioeconomy and environment of each area emphasizes the importance of this research. For the entomology factors, this study found that traditional larvae indices such as House Index (HI), Breteau Index (BI) and Container Index (CI), which have been applied for many decades in entomology surveys, are not relevant measurements for determing mosquito populations. These findings supported previous findings that larvae indices cannot predict the transmission risk level and is not correlated with DENV incidence. In this study, adult mosquito collections were found to be a better measurement of risk of DENV transmission. A high vertical transmission rate was also confirmed in an endemic area, which is possibly one explanation for DENV persistence in that area. From a knowledge, awareness and practice (KAP) survey, there is no correlation between knowledge, awareness and practice of DENV prevention and control, and there is also no association between KAP of people with the mosquito infestations in the area of study. This finding leads to the need for better strategies such as education campaigns about DENV prevention to ensure not only an increase in knowledge but also this knowledge translates into practices. During collection of serum samples from DENV infected patients a higher number of adult age groups reported DENV cases, indicating an age group shift from children to adults. Most of the samples (89% ) from positive result of IgG/IgM test had a secondary infection by serological test, which likely increases the possibility of developing severe clinical manisfestations. Many publications believe that secondary infection by different serotypes could cause severe DENV infection. Unfortunately, the serotyping and genotyping of the patient samples could not be completed due to time constraints, so the information of circulating serotypes and genotypes could not be obtained. It would be interesting to further analyse the serotypes and then correlate them with the less or more severe clinical manifestations and also capture the spread of disease from pylogenetic trees from the genotyping results. Based on spatio and spatio-temporal models, it can be concluded that socioeconomic factors, particularly the level of education and the employment structure were the most important risk factors of DENV infection. It was also revealed that enviromental factors had only a little influence on DENV infection, in contrast with many previous beliefs that global warming and environmental changes are the main factors of DENV infection. Human mobility was proposed to be the main explanation of this phenomenon since more educated people and people with good job type tend to have higher exposure to DENV infection due to their movement from home to work places or public areas. This also complements the fact that more adults reported DENV infection during the patient sample collection, suggesting that adult age groups possibly have a higher risk of DENV infection due to higher mobility, which means higher exposure to DENV infection. The possibility of having a secondary infection is also higher in adults since there has been more time to have the first infection and then the second infection. In order to complete this integrated study, the influence of temperature on mosquito immunity, in particular the RNA interference (RNAi) response was tested. Based on RNAi activity in 24°C, 28°C and 32°C, RNAi activity was slightly more efficient following the increase of temperature. In addition, the infection of Aag2 cells with SFV showed that the increasing temperature will result in lower virus replication. We can assume that the lower or higher temperature only contributes a minor effect on RNAi machinery in vitro. In conclusion, this integrated epidemiological study finds that current entomology surveys are not relevant, because they are not associated with the risk of transmission. In addition, socioeconomic factors rather than environmental factors are proposed to be the most significant factor for DENV infection. Findings such as age shift, secondary infection, human mobility and a high vertical transmission rate are important information which could help the public health sector in their planning and action on DENV prevention and control strategies

STUDI DESKRIPTIF KEJADIAN MALARIA DI PUSKESMAS II SUMPIUH KABUPATEN BANYUMAS TAHUN 2010-2011

ABSTRACT   Continuing the Malaria cases in Primary health Care II Sumpiuh rise a problem every year. The aims of this research was to find out the description of malaria cases based on people, place and time in primary helath care II Sumpiuh during 2010 and 2011. This research was descriptive, and sample was all of the population. Data obtained by took secondary data from primary helath care II Sumpiuh and then analysed by univariat. The result of this research showed that 106 people (33.44% from the sample identified), and in 2011 until April, 17 people (11.26% from sample identified) were infected by Malaria. Man more have a risk to get malaria, because from the result showed that the number of patient of Malaria is more in man that women. Group of age which showed the highest number of positive malaria is 30-45 yearsold in 2010 and between 45-60 yearsold in 2011. Banjarpanepen is the village which has a highest number of malaria cases comparing with other village in primary health care II Sumpiuh. Suggestion from this result is the need of complete data, regarding the location of patient, type of plasmodium which infected, and also the surveillance of Malaria must be regularly and active to decrese the number of malaria cases.   Kata Kunci : Malaria, Plasmodium, Epidemiology, Deskripsi Jurnal Kesmasindo  Volume 5( 1)  Januari 2012,  hlm. 75-87 &nbsp

STUDI DESKRIPTIF KEJADIAN MALARIA DI PUSKESMAS II SUMPIUH KABUPATEN BANYUMAS TAHUN 2010-2011

ABSTRACT   Continuing the Malaria cases in Primary health Care II Sumpiuh rise a problem every year. The aims of this research was to find out the description of malaria cases based on people, place and time in primary helath care II Sumpiuh during 2010 and 2011. This research was descriptive, and sample was all of the population. Data obtained by took secondary data from primary helath care II Sumpiuh and then analysed by univariat. The result of this research showed that 106 people (33.44% from the sample identified), and in 2011 until April, 17 people (11.26% from sample identified) were infected by Malaria. Man more have a risk to get malaria, because from the result showed that the number of patient of Malaria is more in man that women. Group of age which showed the highest number of positive malaria is 30-45 yearsold in 2010 and between 45-60 yearsold in 2011. Banjarpanepen is the village which has a highest number of malaria cases comparing with other village in primary health care II Sumpiuh. Suggestion from this result is the need of complete data, regarding the location of patient, type of plasmodium which infected, and also the surveillance of Malaria must be regularly and active to decrese the number of malaria cases.   Kata Kunci : Malaria, Plasmodium, Epidemiology, Deskripsi Jurnal Kesmasindo  Volume 5( 1)  Januari 2012,  hlm. 75-87 &nbsp

PERAN IBU YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PENINGKATAN STATUS GIZI BALITA

ABSTRACT Family is the main and first development place of the children, and mother has an important role to take care them well. Most the malnutrition incidences in the children under five years old can be prevented if mother has enough knowledge about nutrient maintenance and food arrangement to their child. The kind of mother’s job also influences the nutrient status of their child. In 2007, undernutrition prevalence in Banyumas has reached 24,41% and 0,05% were identified as malnutrition. Public Health Center (PHC) II Sumbang is one of public health center that showed high incidence of lack of nutrient in child (55,95%). The aim of this research was to analyze the role of mother that influence the improvement of child’s nutrient status in PHC II Sumbang. The kind of this research was explanatory study with cross sectional method. Sample determined from child at coverage age 1 – 5 years old in village of Kotayasa,Banjarsari Kulon, Ciberem and Banjarsari Wetan with total amount has reached 100. Data analysis was used univariate,bivariate and multivariate. The result of this research showed that most of the children under five years old had a good nutrient status (86%). There were three important role of mother that influence nutrient status of their child. Identied mother’s roles were pattern of food preparation (p value = 0.003), pattern of health care (p value=0.041), and knowledge of nutrient (p value = 0.024). The most dominant role of mother that influence nutrient status of the child was pattern of food preparation. In order to improve knowledge of mother about nutrient status, health care and how to prepare good food to their child, health officials must give information to them regulary. This program can be included in Posyandu or PKK meeting. Key words : mother, nutritional status, underfive children Kesmasindo Volume 3, Nomor 1, Januari 2010, hlm. 56-65       &nbsp

PERAN IBU YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PENINGKATAN STATUS GIZI BALITA

ABSTRACT Family is the main and first development place of the children, and mother has an important role to take care them well. Most the malnutrition incidences in the children under five years old can be prevented if mother has enough knowledge about nutrient maintenance and food arrangement to their child. The kind of mother’s job also influences the nutrient status of their child. In 2007, undernutrition prevalence in Banyumas has reached 24,41% and 0,05% were identified as malnutrition. Public Health Center (PHC) II Sumbang is one of public health center that showed high incidence of lack of nutrient in child (55,95%). The aim of this research was to analyze the role of mother that influence the improvement of child’s nutrient status in PHC II Sumbang. The kind of this research was explanatory study with cross sectional method. Sample determined from child at coverage age 1 – 5 years old in village of Kotayasa,Banjarsari Kulon, Ciberem and Banjarsari Wetan with total amount has reached 100. Data analysis was used univariate,bivariate and multivariate. The result of this research showed that most of the children under five years old had a good nutrient status (86%). There were three important role of mother that influence nutrient status of their child. Identied mother’s roles were pattern of food preparation (p value = 0.003), pattern of health care (p value=0.041), and knowledge of nutrient (p value = 0.024). The most dominant role of mother that influence nutrient status of the child was pattern of food preparation. In order to improve knowledge of mother about nutrient status, health care and how to prepare good food to their child, health officials must give information to them regulary. This program can be included in Posyandu or PKK meeting. Key words : mother, nutritional status, underfive children Kesmasindo Volume 3, Nomor 1, Januari 2010, hlm. 56-65       &nbsp

Temephos Resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Population from Pabean Subdistrict Pekalongan

Abstrak. Pekalongan adalah satu di antara daerah dengan kejadian filariasis limfatik sejak beberapa tahunyang lalu dan Culex quinquefasciatus merupakan vektor utama penyakit ini di Pekalongan. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengetahui status kerentanan terhadap temephos dan menggambarkan aktivitas esterasepada populasi Cx. quinquefasciatus di Pekalongan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April-Juli 2018. Ujikerentanan insektisida dilakukan pada larva tangkapan liar Cx. quinquefasciatus dari Pekalongan dengandosis temephos yang diskriminatif (0,02 ppm). Aktivitas Esterase larva ini diuji secara biokimia untukmempelajari mekanisme resistensi. Pada semua ulangan, angka kematian akibat temephos bervariasi dari70% sampai 75%, menunjukkan bahwa Cx. quinquefasciatus di tempat penelitian resisten terhadaptemephos. Hasil uji biokimia menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas alfa dan beta esterase pada populasi Cx.quinquefasciatus. Hasil yang disajikan di sini memberikan laporan dan informasi dasar tentang statusresistensi terhadap temephos pada Cx. quinquefasciatus di Pekalongan. Hal ini seharusnya menjadiperhatian bagi dinas kesehatan dalam manajemen pengendalian vektor

Public Health Awareness and Preparedness of Covid-19: Where are we?

In this pandemic, we learned that prevention efforts are an important pillar of health problems, that the front line is the public health sector to prevent disease. Individual awareness to comply with health protocols is very important, to avoid increasing cases and causing the collapse of health services